Cultural Diversity and Patient Care

Knowledge of cultural diversity is key to all levels of the nursing practice. Knowledge and skills related to cultural diversity can strengthen and broaden health care delivery systems. â€Å"In 1986 the American Nursing Association (ANA) issued its first intention to strengthen cultural diversity programs in nursing† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009, p. 11). Despite good intentions made by nursing, progress in the area of cultural diversity has been slow and sporadic.The change in the ethnic composition of the U.S. has challenged nurses to incorporate the needs of their patient into their daily nursing practice. Society expects todays nurse to be culturally competent. Earlier a focus was on transcultural nursing was to bring an understanding of the contrasts between the nurse’s own culture and of the patient. An early strategy to educate nurses about culture was to incorporate cultural education into the nursing curriculum and to have cultural questions on nursing boards and ce rtification testing.â€Å"The necessity in preparing and assisting nurse researchers and clinicians to be able to meet the health needs of culturally diverse population takes on a sense of urgency† (Lowe & Archibald, 2009, p. 15). Concepts of illness, health, and wellness are part of the total cultural belief system. Nurses need to understand; how cultural groups understand life process, how they define health and illness, what they do to maintain wellness, what they believe is the cause of illness, how healers cure and care for their members, and how the cultural background of the nurse influences the care that they provide.We read in Ephesians 4:32, â€Å"And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you† (Holy Bible, King James Version). As Christians we should show God’s love to each and every one of our patients. This article titled â€Å"Cultural Diversity: The Intention of Nursing† can be found at http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2009. 00122. x/abstracte .

Glaxo Wellcome Mini Case

Glaxo Wellcome Inc. Mini-case Report April 2, 2007 [pic] Executive Summary Glaxo Wellcome Inc’s primary business is to market prescription products to physicians and health care providers. One of the top three pharmaceutical firms in the world, Glaxo Wellcome Inc. held about 4 percent of the worldwide prescription pharmaceutical market. The U. K. based company was formed in 1995 when Glaxo Pharmaceuticals acquired Burroughs Wellcome. While the company is based in the U. K. , the U. S. market represented approximately 40 percent of worldwide sales while the U. K. produced about seven percent. As of 1997 Glaxo Wellcome Inc. had 22 local operating companies in nine countries including the U. S. Because of the harsh requirements of the Food and Drug administration (FDA) most products are introduced in one of the other eight countries before seeking U. S. approval. Migraine medicine is a primary growth area for Glaxo. The company was first to manufacture and market triptans, a new class of prescription migraine medicine. Triptans were launched in 1993 and work specifically on the 5HT-1 receptor sites believed to be the primary cause of migraine headaches. Imitrex was the first triptan produced and sold by Glaxo in the U. S. The concern now is how the company should best market the second-generation triptan by the company, Amerge. This will be the first time a pharmaceutical company has two prescription triptans available on the market. Problem Statement and Key Issues Glaxo Wellcome’s U. S. division faces the task of determining a positioning strategy for their new triptan, Amerge, to increase total market share in the currently underdeveloped migraine market. Not only should the marketing decisions combat pressure from competitors with comparable products, but also the pharmaceutical marketers must elevate the importance of the new product’s placement on the formularies of managed care plans. Additionally, the development of a direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising campaign that is informative and persuasive, without offending the medical community, must be included as a part of the positioning strategy. SWOT Anaylsis for Glaxo Wellcome Inc. Strengths: Seen as a reliable prescription drug manufacturer, therefore has a positive reputation †¢ Global company with 4% of the worldwide prescription pharmaceutical market †¢ Company has a strong balance sheet and growth potential †¢ Imitrex dominates the migraine market as the first and only triptan available from 1995-1998 Weaknesses: †¢ Does not have a clear marketing strategy for the triptans †¢ Largely focused on competitor activity instead of growing market shar e †¢ FDA regulations create long approval periods The recent business combination of Glaxo Pharmaceuticals and Burroughs Wellcome in 1995 has created organizational challenges Opportunities: †¢ 90% of the migraine market is underdeveloped †¢ More marketing options include the ability to directly contact consumers as well as doctors and hospitals (in the U. S. division) †¢ Ability to market line extensions for new products such as Amerge †¢ Difficult for new competitors to enter the market because of R&D and approval processes Threats: †¢ Non-acceptance as a formulary of managed care plans Competitors’ products, such as Zomig, released before and out-performing Amerge †¢ Changes in healthcare legislation, including Medicaid and Medicare Alternative Courses of Action 1. Replacement Strategy: the U. K. division chose this plan of action, ceasing all promotion of Imigran (U. K. name brand for Imitrex) and positioning Naramig (the U. K. brand nam e for Amerge) as the recommended drug to start treatment of migraine patients. The replacement strategy results met Glaxo U. K. expectations, but damaged the growth of Imigran and did not prevent Zomig from successfully entering the market. Furthermore, the U. K. market has two major differences from the U. S. market: pharmaceutical companies cannot legally advertise their products to consumers, and the health care system is socialized. The implications of these two differences in terms of positioning strategies are vast. The inability to utilize DTC advertising prevented the U. K. from successfully pursuing alternative positioning strategies, such patient-based segmentation, due to concerns about the physician’s ability to identify such segments and further confusing the prescribing process. Moreover, in a socialized health care system where patients are entitled to free medical care, patients can seek treatment easier and can be less involved in the prescribing process than in an insurance-based system where there is more monetary involvement. Although this strategy might communicate a clear message about the drug’s superiority, it would devalue the brand name built for Imitrex, drastically impacting its potential profitability as well as the ability to continue to recuperate the high investments already sunk into the R&D and marketing of Imitrex. . Competition Strategy: since Zomig is expected to be launched prior to the FDA approval of Amerge, Glaxo U. S. can position Amerge directly against Zomig. They can utilize their position as the market leader to leverage Amerge’s positioning as the true second-generation triptan providing the best relief on the market. Glaxo U. S. can back up their claims with the results from the UK where the majority of previou s non-triptan users prefer Naramig. Although this strategy could successfully prevent the competition Zeneca from gaining substantial market share through the marketing of a second-generation triptan, it would also devalue the Imitrex brand similar to the replacement strategy. 3. Pricing strategy: one of the weaknesses identified for Imitrex is its relatively high price in comparison to over the counter (OTC) medication, which is further exacerbated by the medication’s high rate of recurrence. Since most patients in the US pay either partially or fully for their medication, Amerge could be positioned as an affordable alternative to Imitrex. Amerge could be priced similar to OTC medications and its lower recurrence rate could be promoted to further emphasize its affordability. A possible downside to this strategy is devaluing the image of Glaxo Wellcome for physicians because of a perceived â€Å"lack of quality† that can accompany low priced products. On the positive side, it could detract from competitor’s noise and would allow Imitrex to continue in its position as the market leader. It could also improve the consumer perception of Glaxo Wellcome as a company that cares for patients that cannot afford expensive medication. 4. Lifestyle Segmentation Strategy: Glaxo U. S. could create an emotional appeal for Amerge by merging the facts about its efficacy, side effects and dosage with the feelings of patients. Prospective consumers seek treatment for their migraines not only to abate the pain, but also to be able to continue productivity in their lives during a migraine episode. Therefore, Amerge’s proven efficacy, combined with low risk of side effects, low recurrence rate and ease of administration could be used to promote it as the migraine medicine that â€Å"let’s you get on with life†. Unlike the pricing strategy, this course of action would emphasize the product benefits and thus would be more beneficial to Glaxo’s image. But similarly to the replacement and competition positioning strategies, it weakens Imitrex’s position in the marketplace. 5. Benefit-based Portfolio Strategy: Glaxo U. S. can present both migraine medicines as a portfolio of solutions to migraine pain. Amerge could be positioned as the â€Å"milder† new-generation triptan, and Imitrex could be repositioned as the â€Å"strongest and fastest† triptan with proven efficacy to treat acute pain. This positioning strategy would allow Glaxo U. S. to continue to reap the benefits from the marketing initiatives already invested in Imitrex, while utilizing its current standing as the market leader as a platform from which to launch Amerge. Possible drawbacks to this strategy include cannibalization of Imitrex sales as well as confusion in the minds of physicians and consumers as to which drug would be the best option for a patient. Recommendations Given the considerable expenditure in R&D and marketing of pharmaceuticals, we recommend that Glaxo U. S. choose the benefit-based portfolio strategy. We feel strongly that Glaxo U. S. should not abandon the efforts placed in the marketing of Imitrex, but rather leverage its current market position to support the launch of Amerge. We believe this strategy could effectively combat competitors’ efforts to enter the marketplace. The company can utilize DTC advertising to send a clear message of the benefits each drug offers to patients. Nevertheless, it is imperative that Glaxo U. S. also invest resources in conveying the right message to physicians and negotiating placement of both drugs on the formularies of managed care plans; otherwise the likelihood of switching to a different brand or forgoing treatment altogether increase significantly. With a portfolio strategy and clear differentiation among the products, Glaxo U. S. is better armed to capture the 90% of migraine sufferers that were not being medicated with a triptan as of 1997. Conclusion Although Glaxo Wellcome is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world it has many opportunities for growth and development. One of these opportunities is with the migraine medicines known as triptans. Although Glaxo already has one triptan on the market, there are still many migraine sufferers that are not being treated. With the benefit-based portfolio strategy Glaxo can market its second-generation triptan, Amerge to the millions of migraine sufferers.

The Concept of Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century

Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century: The concept of nationalism is in essence an odd organization that has had significant impacts in world history through shaping the political and social aspects of the society. As an important aspect in the development of the society, the concept of nationalism has basically been analyzed based on its impact on the emergence of nation-states across the globe. In most cases, these analyses have been conducted to determine the influence of nationalism on imperial breakdown i.e. the dissolution of empires. While the actual extent of the impact of nationalism on the imperial breakdown is uncertain, this concept has played a major role in the dissolution of empires. Generally, the transition to nationalism has contributed to significant effects in world history through shaping the political and social aspects of the society. Description of Nationalism: Nationalism is generally described as the largely-held belief that individuals living in certain geographical spaces share unique historical and cultural customs, which provides them with the right to live in a sovereign political, state (Ellen, 2011). The description of nationalism provides the basis for understanding why national identities have strong emotional connections in lives of individuals. Actually, nationalism becomes an important aspect in modern personal identities and public events because of the emotional link with national communities. The significance ofShow MoreRelatedThe First Glimpse Of Globalization1573 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is the process in which a world-wide circulation of goods, ideas, and people takes place. Historically, there were two periods of profound expansion, the 15th and 16th century and 20th and 21st century. 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It disappeared from Western culture from the 12th to the 16th centuries. While tattooing diminished in the west, it thrived in Japan. At first, tattoos were used to mark criminals. First offenses were marked with a line across the forehead. A second crime was marked by adding an arch. A third offense wasRead MoreChinese Culture2090 Words   |  9 Pageslearned, not biologically inherited. The process whereby culture is passed from one generation to the next. The third is â€Å"symbols. Much of human behavior is mediated by symbols—signs, sounds, emblems, and other things that represent meaningful concepts.† The forth is that â€Å"Culture is integrated. The foundation of culture includes three structural elements that work together to keep the culture strong: An infrastructure provides the basic necessities of life, a social structure determines how people

An Overview On An Evolving Era - 1623 Words

Madison Pohl Mrs. Christoffersen 11A – Era Research Paper 23 October 2015 An Innovating Era One of the most famous innovative engineers of all time, Henry Ford, once said, â€Å"You can t build a reputation on what you are going to do.† Between 1850 and 1914 the American people happened to be living by this. Everyone tried creating something to profit, not to satisfy American needs, but some Americans built a reputation doing the opposite of that. During the years between 1850 and 1914, Americans were experiencing a lot of transformation. For example, Americans transformed from a mainly agricultural society to more of a modern industrial nation while America so called â€Å"came of age.† In addition, the Civil War was another huge struggle that the†¦show more content†¦Ford produced the automobile to satisfy Americans desires and to make it more affordable for the society they currently lived in (â€Å"Henry Ford Changed the World† 1). He was very determined to build a simple, reliable, and affordable car (1). His early life helped shape his fu ture and the man he became. Ford actually left home to take a job offered to him in Detroit as a machinist, at the age of sixteen (â€Å"Bio – Henry Ford† 1). His early interest in machinery helped him quickly get a job as an engineer. One of his starting jobs was with the Edison Illuminating Company (2). At the age of 33, in 1896, he constructed his very first model, called the Quadricycle (2). That same year, Ford encountered with Thomas Edison, the lighting genius, and some of his executives. Edison encouraged Ford to make a better, more efficient model (2). The impact that Henry Ford had on this innovating era clearly cannot be underestimated. Ford had the dream of creating a cheaper motorcar for the great multitude (â€Å"The Innovator and Ford Motor Company† 1). In fact, he came up with the first Model T on October 1, 1908. When that became known worldwide, he began trying to make that automobile in quantity for sale at more affordable prices (2). At the time, Ford was one of America’s greatest manufacturers (â€Å"Henry Ford in the 1920’s† 1). He helped improve

Improving The Accessibility, Quality, And Efficiency Of...

By 2030, the 7th UN Sustainable Development Goal aims to improve the accessibility, quality, and efficiency of energy. While some of the targets are clearly defined, others use ambiguous terms, making them not truly measureable. Firstly, terms used in targets 7.1, 7.2, and 7.b are not clearly defined, making them not truly measurable. Being able to provide a service universally, implies that every person worldwide should have access to the service. This is neither reasonable nor measureable. The term ‘affordable’ is not clearly defined, therefore not measurable. Affordability differs depending on economic status. With over 13% of the world’s population below the poverty line, the definition of affordable varies and therefore needs to be†¦show more content†¦It also deals with the sociopolitical sphere, which makes it inherently complex to measure. For each target, different indicators of progress and metrics for measuring these indicators vary which makes them truly immeasurable because of how inaccurate they may be. Part 2 The targets are measured globally, but not absolutely. If we were able to truly measure these targets, there would not be controversy over the data. While the UN insists that the plan for eradicating poverty is on track, other studies suggest that the rate at which poverty is declining is not as rapid as is necessary (Reddy 485). For 7.1, it was measured that there are 1.4 billion people without access to electricity as well over 2.7 billion people that depend on dangerous sources of energy in 2010 (IEA). It was also found that the methods of measuring accessibility of energy are inaccurate, but â€Å"SE4All is planning to use a multi-tier metric for measuring access to electricity (Indicators and a Monitoring Framework.)†. The metrics for evaluating the global energy mix for 7.2 are also being improved upon and improvement of global renewable energy is monitored closely (IEA). Research shows the annual target rate for improving modern renewable energy is twice as much as what our actual growth rate is (World Bank). For 7.3, the rate at which global energy efficiency is improving is increasing, but not at the ideal rate. In fact, the current $400 billion in investments per year

Child Assessment in School Systems free essay sample

This essay focuses on the current system of assessment testing in schools which the author finds is no longer a tool to help children, but is now used as an intimidation tactic that places pressure on teachers and schools. This paper contains information on the legislation that makes assessment tests mandatory, the consequences of making these tests of such great importance and a solution to refocus the system so that it is more geared toward helping the individual child than intimidating teachers and administrators. Under the No Child Left Behind Act teachers and principals will be held accountable for the performance of their students and will face consequences if test scores are not meeting the AYP (average yearly progress). Because of this act, assessment tests have become overly stressful for teachers and students alike and have caused teachers and administrators to go to great lengths to make sure their students succeed on these tests, even if it means cheating. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Assessment in School Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The level of accountability created and placed on assessment test scores has defeated the original purpose of assessment testing and has taken away valuable instruction time in the classroom by making assessment testing the focus of the classroom. I believe there are better ways to make sure that no child gets left behind. I believe that if we focus on meeting the needs of the individual student by helping him or her achieve grade level performance, without holding them back, we will be closer to that goal. Teachers do not need to be threatened to do a better job, they need support systems to help them better handle the children of today. In this report I will explain the current legislation, the consequences imposed if a school does not meet the AYP, the problems created by the system currently in place, and lastly I will explain how we can implement a new, more effective system that will make assessment tests serve their original intended purpose.

Microbiology Laboratory Safety and Basic Procedures free essay sample

Safety in a microbiology laboratory is important in the prevention of infection that might be caused by the microorganisms being studied. This laboratory does not require the use of virulent human pathogens. However, many types of microorganisms are potentially pathogenic. This means that, although they would not cause disease in a normal healthy host, they might possibly do so if a large enough quantity of the microbes came into contact with a compromised host, such as by wounds and cuts. In addition to microorganisms, there are some chemicals used in this laboratory that are potentially harmful. Many procedures involve glassware, open flames, and sharp objects that can cause damage if used improperly. The following precautions should be taken to avoid the problems that could potentially occur. 1. Lab coats are required. Wearing old clothing is also desirable, since many reagents can produce permanent stains on clothes. 2. Students may not wear sandals or open toed or canvas shoes because of the constant danger of cuts and infections from broken glass found on the lab floors and the possibility of chemical spills. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Laboratory Safety and Basic Procedures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Long hair must be tied back to minimize fire hazard or contamination of experiments. Smoking, eating, and drinking in the laboratory are absolutely prohibited. 5. Upon entering the laboratory, coats, books, and other paraphernalia should be placed in specified locations and never on bench tops (except for lab manual). 6. At the beginning and termination of each laboratory session, bench tops are to be wiped with a disinfectant solution. 7. Observe strict personal hygiene. Wash your hands with soap at the start of the laboratory session before performing any procedures and before leaving the laboratory at the end of the session. 8. All cultures should be handled as being potentially pathogenic and the following precautions should be observed at all times: a. Cultures must always be carried in a test tube rack when moving around the laboratory. b. Cultures must be kept in a test tube rack on the bench tops when not in use. c. Broth cultures must never be pipetted by mouth. Always use a suction aid (never use your mouth) when filling a pipette or use a pipetter with a biological or chemical reagent. d. Spilled cultures should be covered with paper towels and then saturated with disinfectant solution. Following 15 minutes of reaction time, the towels should be removed and disposed. 9. Spills, cuts and other accidents should be reported to the instructor. 10. Aerosols should be avoided by use of proper technique for flaming the inoculating loops and needles and by performing any mixing of cultures and reagents in such a way as to avoid splashing. Removal of media, equipment, and cultures from the laboratory is prohibited unless directed. 12. During and at the end of each lab period, used pipettes should be discarded into the designated trays. Other used glassware should normally be placed into discard trays located in the back of the lab. Plastic ware such as Petri plates and pipetter tips should be discarded in the marked wastebasket. Used paper should be discarded into wastebaskets at the end of the lab period. Broken glassware is discarded into the box marked â€Å"Broken Glassware†, not into wastebaskets.