Recruitment Software Specification Essay

Features & Functionalities of Recruitment Automation Software: This is an software for the placement consultants who work for their clients to recruit the best candidate for them. This software will have three different management systems, namely Candidate Management, Client Management and Recruiters Management. Also there will be master admin who can control all these activities. Some optional modules can also be suggested for the better management of the system. The features and functionalities: 1. Candidate Management a. All the candidate’s data can be stored in the database by filling up a form in which the name, phone, email, location, qualification, experiences, keywords and other related details of the candidate can be taken. b. The resume of the candidates can also be browsed and uploaded in the system c. The entire resume and the candidate profiles can also be searched by keyword, experience, location etc. 2. Client Management a. The client details like company name, address, contact person, phone, email, designation and the other related details can be entered in the form and saved to create the master of the clients b. The MOU with a client can be digitally uploaded in the system c. The client’s open positions can be entered and assigned to any recruiter with all the details (desired profile, job responsibilities etc.) d. The shortlisted candidate’s resume can be sent to the clients for final review/interview/written test e. The offer letter format of the client can be managed and it can be given to the candidates who are selected (closed position); similar activity can be done for the notice period agreement also f. When a position is closed, the billing of the same be sent to the client (invoice) g. If the bill is not cleared by the due date, the reminder email will be sent to the client continuously each time after a certain interval till the time the admin changes the billing status as â€Å"Received† 3. Recruiters Management a. Master (name, designation, address, Date of joining, qualification, salary etc.) b. Open position assignment with a deadline  c. Recruiters should be able to update the status of the candidates after any telephonic round of interview with them d. The candidate’s profile must be separated in such a manner that multiple recruiters do not work upon a same profile e. On the log in page the recruiters should be able to see the To Do List; e.g. To Call (23), Offer Letter (7), Joining (4), Open position (3) etc. f. The recruiters should be able to send the Daily Reports (which must not take them much time & with no manipulation) to the admin with their remarks g. Recruiters can notify the admin if any position is closed 4. Reports a. Open position status (clients, positions, recruiter handling, update, last date to close etc.) b. Billing status (clients, positions closed, recruiter, amount as per bill, date to clear, received (y/n), etc.) c. Recruiter’s Performance analysis can be analyzed (recruiters, positions handled, open, closed, closing rate, revenue generated, monetary productivity (lifetime revenue / months worked) 5. Optional Features a. SMS alert for i. Billing reminder to client ii. Appointment reminder to candidate b. Flexibility to integrate the consultancy’s own JOB PORTAL keeping this system at the back†end c. Recruiter’s incentive calculation

Bill Gates Speech at Harvard

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: â€Å"Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree. † I want to thank Harvard for this honour. I'll be changing my job next year †¦ and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume. I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees. For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me â€Å"Harvard's most successful dropout. I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class †¦ I did the best of everyone who failed. One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers. I offered to sell them software. I worried that they would realise I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me. Instead they said: â€Å"We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,† which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft. Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world. For what purpose? There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world. But can we do more?Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name? Let me make a request of the deans and the professors – the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determi ne degree requirements, please ask yourselves: Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems? Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world's worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty †¦ the prevalence of world hunger †¦ he scarcity of clean water †¦ the girls kept out of school †¦ the children who die from diseases we can cure? My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here – never stopped pressing me to do more for others.A few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda. My mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: â€Å"From those to whom much is given, much is expected. In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue â€⠀œ a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it. If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal. But you don't have to do that to make an impact. For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them. Don't let complexity stop you.Be activists. Take on the big inequities. It will be one of the great experiences of your lives. And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy. I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world's deepest inequities †¦ on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.

Measurement Guidelines Essay

Management guidelines must be developed to create a benchmark of expectations. â€Å"Without measuring the effectiveness of strategy on a timely basis, makes it not only difficult to determine alignment, management is always working with lagging information† (The Executive Corner, 2004). Each step of the final solution will be measured to meet the businesses needs. The human resources department will define three main competencies of each department within sixty days. In order to ensure effectiveness, the competencies will have to be approved and agreed on by the CEO and senior management. Once this phase is completed, the human resources department will commit to training managers on employee behaviors. To ensure training is successful, the managers are tested to assess material understanding. It is estimated that in a maximum of 90 days, Riordan should achieve a predetermined number company goals by their employees. Long-term effectiveness is measured by an employee surveys. A recommendation for an additional survey between 6-12 months for employees to complete will go out. This survey will look for feedback on new processes and the current development and training strategies. The employee turnover rate should be less than industry standards to achieve success. A last of measure of success will be tied to Riordan’s performance output. References The Executive Corner. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.businessbuilders.bz/archives/06-15-04.htm

Successful Implementation of Electronic Health Information Technology Assignment

Successful Implementation of Electronic Health Information Technology - Assignment Example ting the EMR system in the hospital include quick processing of information, accuracy of information, completeness and relevance of information, increased information security based on authentication rules, and data consistency. Today, electronic health records have become an important aspect of a healthcare organization based on its role in successful completion of all tasks using the information appropriately collected, stored, retrieved, and analyzed by the electronic medical record systems. The collected information can be used by different health departments in the decision-making processes. Before actually purchasing and implementing the system, the management of my hospital conducted a survey to know the viewpoints and concerns of all indented users of the system including nurses. This reason behind this was to make every user well-informed about the working and need of the new system, as well as to address the concerns of all users. Nurses were particularly included in the survey because the management believes them to be an important role player in the overall information management system. Nursing personals play a dynamic role in the successful adoption of healthcare information systems (Hsiao, Chang, & Chen, 2011, p. 150). When the system was purchased in our hospital, the management conducted a two-week training program in which all users including nurses were provided with all relevant information about the system. Moreover, the users were also given practical training of using the system. As an end user, I feel that I have played my role in selection and planning of the new HIT system. Several issues can occur if the management does not take into account the concerns of nurses while planning for any new system. For example, if nurses are not informed about the new system before purchasing, the management can never know the exact requirements of the system as the result of which they may need to purchase another system in a short time. Similarly, if

Fighting Crime Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fighting Crime Case Study - Essay Example The problems that accost the efforts of fighting crime are multifaceted, with some touching on the nature of criminal justice, while others are not related to the American justice system. One of the problems that beset war on crime is overcrowding in prisons. Walmsley (2005) for instance points out that not only is America imprisoning more people than Russia is doing, but that for every 100,000 Americans, 714 are in prison also. Racial profiling is presented as a force against the fair justice system. For instance, the African American makes up 13% of the US population yet it accounts for 40.7% of America’s 2.1 million convicts. As is pointed out further, these politicians are part of policymakers who relegate themselves to linear thinking, instead of approaching issues from general to specific perspective.Again, it is pointed out that part, this is because law-abiding citizens naturally prefer malefactors to be in jail, yet they also make up the American majority. Because of this, candidates whose policies favor incarceration in lieu of parole are likely to win. The flipside of this is that overcrowding in the prison system proliferates crime in the same system.  

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Buddhism - Essay Example The Noble Truths refer to essential realizations Siddhartha Guatama is believed to have attained on his path towards spiritual enlightenment. They demonstrate a spiritual concern with the resistance of material longing, the cessation of suffering, and how to apply Siddhartha’s teachings to help achieve the highest good. This essay examines the highest good humans can achieve in regards to Buddhist thought and considers whether I agree with this as an ideal. Buddhist philosophy argues in that in achieving the highest good individuals should accept suffering as an indelible part of the human condition (Humpherys 53). Buddhism argues that the positive value of life isn’t diminished by the truth of suffering, but by acceptance of life’s evanescence the human attains a higher degree of good (Davids 165). The Buddhist path to enlightenment has an answer to the problem of suffering. The Buddha found that when we experience happiness and joy, it is our spiritual duty to objectively remove ourselves from these experiences and become consciously aware of their impermanence. Buddhist philosophy contends that the human experience of joy and happiness is merely a reaction to a circumstance and not a permanent mental state. The very structural nature of happiness then includes the binary existence of unhappiness – the two are inseparable; therefore, even as happiness is impermanent, so is suffering. Ultimately, it’s believed that in recognition and acceptance the suffering, the human achieves a more relaxed mental state that leads to their realizing the highest degree of good. Another Buddhist element related to achieving the highest good is the belief that since suffering is a result of material longing and desire by eliminating material longing and desire, one can eliminate suffering and move towards achieving this highest good. While this is a simple formulation, the actual challenge of eliminating desire is extremely difficult. Craving can also be extended to include the gratification of the passions, or the longing we have for an abstract sense of accomplishment of success in our earthly lives. The Second Noble Truth states that if we persist in allowing our lives to be dominated by desire and ignorance we will always be haunted by an unachievable longing and pervasive suffering. Therefore, the Buddha states that to achieve the highest good one must be guided by what is, not what is desired. One must fight against their preconditioned ways of longing and desire and accept the world and their place as it currently exists, as this is the only path to the highest good. In following these Noble Truths the individual is able to achieve the highest good, or Nirvana. This is a spiritual state that transcends all traditional concerns with material existence. In considering these means of achieving the highest good I recognize that I generally disagree with this ideal. To begin with, I disagree with the idea that all of l ife is suffering, as one might argue that such a characterization of the human condition is overly pessimistic. When Buddha developed the Four Noble Truths the Indian people faced considerable difficulties in life. Their subsistence was harder earned than we experience today, and I believe that this element of Buddhist philosophy can be seen to be a response to this challenge of existence, rather than an accurate reflection of the human condition. While all humans experience suffering, to claim that this is one

Personal Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Personal Development Plan - Essay Example Humans made huge advance due to the doctrine of Empiricism (Power Point Lesson 2011) Enlightenment, a notion of break through in knowledge, emerged in the sixteenth and seventieth centuries in Europe. Thinking has four idols which Francis Bacon (1561-1626) warned of removing from human mind; Idols of the Tribe, Cave, Market Place and the Theatre. Tribe limits human thinking, Cave sets narrow perspective, Market Place determines regions for trading and Theatre that stages act is prepared by human thought systems (Power Point Lesson 2011) The core component of knowledge is fact. Research is made on the basis of facts. All facts contain data and all data is created by human action. Each individual determines as to how the data created by someone is to be used. Appendix 1 shows the complex process of interpreting data as facts. The problem of concepts arises with the truth and relativism in data which is dealt in philosophy by a special branch called Epistemology; the theory of knowledge (Power Point Lesson 2011) Most human beings wish to understand their world and many build theories to sense it. Various aspects of world require enormous efforts for comprehension. Mostly people abandon their efforts at sometime and point where they feel satisfied with what they have achieved. The issues in Epistemology as described in Appendix 2 deals with the nature of the knowledge which is an inquiry into a certain concept or idea (Epistemology 2011) The main objective of the study program is to enhance my knowledge while working. The continuous education is supported by my job and my work is supported by the education I get at the University. It helps understand and implement best practices at my work Skill is a set of abilities in an individual consisting of thinking, acting and performing. Skills are achieved through inheritance, training, observation, practice and experience. Skills such as reading, writing and speaking

Study abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Study abroad - Essay Example Being able to navigate around foreign countries over time increases the chances for a student to be self-sufficient as they learn to provide for themselves. Interacting with people from different cultures also allows students to challenge their long-held beliefs; more importantly, this demands that students look into their own native culture and appreciate its uniqueness. This is because they will have the opportunity to identify differences and similarities with the cultures in the foreign countries, which in turn teaches them to be accommodating of others. In addition, students are bound to find themselves in situations where their personal identity is questioned or criticized where this gives them a chance to develop confidence and self-esteem as they give out responses. All these experiences go a long way in shaping the character of student looking to excel in their chosen career. Why it should be made a necessity to study abroad International experiences, especially long-term on es that last for a semester or a year help build a student both professionally and personally. A student has a better chance of accessing employment and further education opportunities. It becomes important for institutions to encourage their students to take advantage of opportunities to study abroad, even if for a semester only. Such encouragement helps students get over their personal fears and instead consider the opportunities for personal growth that are available through international experiences. In addition, institutions need to guide students through the application process for such programs and take them through the preparation process of moving there and settling in while finding means of fending for themselves. The core reason for advocating for studying abroad is that is help students gain exposure as this enables them to adjust their way of thinking, attitudes and builds their skills. This exposure is essential in helping students become empowered and feel confident e nough to participate in a global job market (Lewin, 2009). The second core reason is based on employers’ perception of students who have studied abroad. A study done by Trooboff, Van de Berg and Rayman revealed that employers value the ability to be flexible and adaptable and that these skills are enhanced by studying abroad. Additionally, the personal quality of being open to and non-judgmental about people from varying cultural backgrounds was seen as being valuable to employers, and enhanced by studying abroad. Being observant and a good listener also ranked high among qualities valued by employers and enhanced by studying abroad though this was superseded by qualities such as being willing to take risks in order to learn new things, being cognizant that one’s worldview is not universal and having knowledge about more than one culture outside the United States. Overall, the skills/ personal qualities ranked the highest were ability to work under pressure and being a ble to work effectively in teams where both were seen as being enhanced further by studying abroad. Following an international and global competence criteria developed by Hunter and Deardoof, this study ranked the highest three personal qualities as being important when employers are hiring as well as being enhanced by international study. These are being able to communicate, interact and effectively work outside one’s comfort zone, getting along well with persons from varying races and cultures and

Greek Periods of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greek Periods of Art - Essay Example The Archaic Greek Period The era assigned to the archaic Greek period of art is 800 to 500 BC. Greek art was very naturalistic in the archaic period. The sculptures created by the artists of that time represented males and females in a somewhat inflexible pose. Artists used to create statues of men and in different poses. Some artists used to create heads of warriors whereas some used to represent their gods in different forms of statues. If we take a closer look at the human sculptures of the archaic period, we come to know that the characteristic archaic smile and the human body’s anatomy are prominent in almost all sculptures. The Archaic phase is best known for the realistic representation of humans and stone sculptures. In the archaic period, the development of the Kouros and Kore statues were the focus of most of the artists. The statues of men represented warriors and gods whether statues of women representing women in the forms of goddesses, nymphs, and the other pries tesses. Standing and seated girls and nude bodies of men and women are some of the most prominent artworks of the archaic period. Artists of the archaic period used to achieve realistic likeliness in picturing the human figure and representing them in the form of abstract figures of the geometric style (Hill). The stiffness, solidity, and gracefulness represent the influence of Egyptian art on the artists of that time. Neutralism was not the expertise of the artists of the archaic period. The artists used to cover their inability to achieve neutralism by giving archaic smile, clenched fists, and outstretched palm style to the sculptures. In all of the three periods of Greek art, which the h include archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods, there were early, high, and later phases which show the emergence, peak, and ending signs of those periods. The Classical Greek Period The era assigned to the classical Greek period of art is 480 to 323 BC. This era is known as the golden age t hat starts from the time the Athens rose to the prominence and ends with the death of Alexander the Great. Human statues were very heroically proportioned in that age reflecting the Greek humanistic belief in man’s nobility and the desire to look like gods (Esaak). In the classical Greek period, artists were greatly involved in creating human statues of different styles. One thing, which is similar in the archaic period and the classical period, is that the artists from both periods focused on the development of the human statues.

The ethics of emotion-arousing & psychoactive ads and their influence Essay

The ethics of emotion-arousing & psychoactive ads and their influence on individuals - Essay Example they depend upon the fact that prospective customers would be interested in obtaining more information about the product and services so that they can arrive at the logically best choice. On the other hand, an emotional appeal is used to create an ambience, to invoke a general feeling - of goodwill or of fear or urgency or any other diverse emotions. It is expected that the aroused feelings would incite and encourage the prospective customer to buy the products associated with such ads. While the appeal of both the approaches has been established by several studies, some professional critics believe advertising adversely affects people and manipulates us to buy things/services by playing on our emotions. Advertising is so powerful that consumers are helpless to defend themselves against it. This has been a time long debate involving issues like not only the morality of using emotions to manipulate consumers, but also about the efficacy and potency of such ads to actually influence the purchase decision. Emotional advertising readily gains public attention when it evokes our fears and wants, sometimes at a very deep level. Some critics claim that these powerful messages are often ineffective, because consumers often tend to remember the emotions but not the product (O’Neill, 2006). The subject under consideration is vast, as scores of early researchers have tried to find evidence for the harmful effects that advertising, and especially emotional advertising has had on people o different ages. Further, an equal number of organizations and businesses have supported research extolling the powerful impacts of emotional advertising and thus providing them with the rationale of spending millions of pounds into emotional advertising. The current research will therefore narrow with scope to a more specific topic – and try to evaluate the relative effectiveness of two different kinds of emotional appeals, namely of using warmth and of using fear in ads. The

Burberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Burberry - Essay Example The presentation then focuses on the ‘soft strategies’. The company has initiated many new technology led measures to interact with their customers. This part of the presentation deals with Customer Relationship Management. Burberry hosts a fully choreographed live webcast. Emails are used. Internal website is used to ensure that internal customers are fully away of runway shows, editorial coverage and new store events. Travelling road shows are organized. Round table conferences are conducted with senior managers around the world. The company is dedicated on building an excellent brand image. She says that they want to be known as a brand that is simply great. For this purpose Burberry recruits likeminded people. Its employees are its customers also who buy their company’s products and love them intensely. The presentation then moves towards CRM again. The company has its own social media website. Burberry is followed by two million people on Facebook. There are live stream shows around the world. The highlight of CRM is organizing 25 events around the world and using a new Ipad based purchasing technology. Headquarter of Burberry is also state –of-the-art. The presentation then finishes by Angela saying that it is only 4 years since she and her team started their work and so ‘it is still early

Francisco Goya’s Third of May Essay Example for Free

Francisco Goya’s Third of May Essay Francisco Goya’s ‘The third of May’ was an 1814 painting of Francisco de Goya depicting the execution of the Spanish citizenry resulting from the fighting in the Puerto del Sol area of Madrid. Don Gray in his article Art Essays, Art Criticism Poems pointed out that, the subject of the painting is the dreadfulness of the execution in which Goya has grouped his picture in four different sets namely, those about to be shot, those already dead, the firing squad, and those about to be shot. The painting was done in the context of the aftermath of the popular uprising in Madrid with its background against the French invasion and the monarchic crises it provoked between Charles IV and his son Ferdinand. The title â€Å"The Third of May† simply refers to the fateful days of 2 and 3 of May 1808, which was a Spanish uprising against French invaders. As the riots cleared up, French executioner rounded up the ringleaders for execution but as it may be inevitable, many civilians were said to be included in the infamous firing squad of more than eighty peasants on the predawn of the third of may in 1808 at Principe Pio hill, in Madrid. Historical Issues that may have Influenced the Context of the Work Francisco de Goya was one of the greatest Spanish painters along with El Greco and Diego velasques. Goya’s Third of May depicts the brutal picture where the Spaniards who fought against French-led were executed on the Principe Pio, a remote hill just outside of Madrid. Mary Connell describes the uprising that took place on the second of May. The Spaniards were armed with scissors, spoons, knives, and a few firearms . By mid afternoon the revolt was over but the French were determined to set an example so that the Spanish would not again attempt such a revolt. French soldiers executed eighty-three peasants during the pre-dawn of third of May. This disgusted Goya, feeling that the French liberal reform he had been so pleased at first, had accomplished nothing lasting, as many people had died and suffered as a consequence of the war. Thus, according to Connell, Goya’s work was not meant to be beautiful, but is supposed to be horrifying to frighten the viewer. Connell emphasized that Goya’s purpose within the painting was not to blame the French but to point out the faceless and mechanical forces of war blindly killing people. The painting also depicts how war is horrible and the impact of violence on humanity, which demonstrates that war is always wrong and generate all kinds of evils. Thus, Connell aptly stated that Goya was hoping to persuade people to resort to war in no way at all . The impact of the brutality of the war had made great influence on the â€Å"Third of May† as the painting clearly conveys the horror of war through violence and death. There are some other interpretation of the characters of the painting such as the man in white whose both arms stretched out, said to be resembling Christ sacrificing his life on the cross, the man on the white seemed to be bravely welcoming death by sacrificing himself which seem to portrayed good and evil, with the French troops representing the evil and the dark side of the war. Social Issues that may have influenced the Work Among the social issues that confronted Goya prior to his magnificent work, The Third of May was his loyalty to the French during the occupation. James Voorhies of the Department of European Paintings, The metropolitan Museum of Art, noted that when Goya was questioned about his loyalty to the occupiers, he demonstrated his loyalty to Spain by commemorating Spain’s uprising against the French rule in two paintings: The Second of May and The Third of May. Thus, the social pressure on Goya was that his allegiance to Spain was under question. His desire to prove his allegiance to the Spanish monarchy has led him to commemorate the fateful days two days of May 1808. Regarding the commemoration of that particular incident, Christopher John Murray pointed out that, Goya’s paintings were designed as part of the celebrations of the return of Ferdinand VII to Madrid. As mentioned earlier, the Third of May was painted by Goya to prove his allegiance to the Spanish Monarch in view of social pressures questioning his loyalty to Spain. Murray however, goes deeper than this issue of loyalty. He stated that although the painting has become an iconic image of repression, popular martyrdom, and the horrors of civil strife, in which, Goya intended the message to remind the people of the horrors and violence that war brings, but in modern times, Goya’s work has been viewed being not officially commissioned, but he proposed it as a project, as he was in precarious financial situation, and he wanted to gain favor with the regime of Fernando VII to escape being prosecuted for having collaborated with the Napoleonic occupation. To sum up the social issues that may have influenced the making of the ‘The Third of May,’ are, first, is the issue of collaboration with Napoleonic occupation in which Goya has to prove his allegiance to the Spanish Monarch. The influence of this is seen in Goya’s depiction of good and evil. The good is represented by the martyr and those who are about to face their death through firing squad, while the bad is portrayed by the French soldiers. By this Goya is trying to prove that he is willing to highlight the evils of the Napoleonic occupation. The second is that he intended to paint day two and day three of May, which was for the commemoration of the horrors of war, but it was also intended to please the newly restored king to gain favor in order to avoid possible prosecution due to his collaboration with the Napoleonic rule. Thus, according to Murray, although the paintings in effect are historical paintings commemorating recent events, they are devoid of the element of heroism. Murray contends that there is no evidence that Goya had witnessed the incident, thus it is clear that the third of May is â€Å"a highly imagined and constructed painting. Regardless of the issues surrounding the painting of the â€Å"The Third of May’ Goya has successfully portrayed what he wanted to put on canvas. The Third of May is a powerful reminiscent that war is violent and a waste of life on both sides. The painting is very attractive because of Goya’s brilliant use of colors to emphasize what he wanted the view to read in the painting. What are the Critical issues that may have influenced the context of Goya’s work? There were perhaps a few critical issues that influenced the context of Goya’s work, The Third of May. Among these issues were his deteriorating health and his allegiance to Spain in question. Kimberly Court cited in her article entitled â€Å"Goya’s Black Paintings Harsh, but Honest† that the resulting atrocities on the Iberian Peninsula from 1808 to 1814 forever staining Goya’s insight of Humanity . The uprising that followed after the coronation of King Joseph Bonaparte has persisted through guerilla warfare and continued its war against the Napoleonic armies killing more than three hundred French citizens and capturing French ship. Court pointed out that, the guerrilla warfare was the inspiration behind Goya’s Los Desastres de la Guera or The Disasters of War in English. Goya was afflicted with serious illness, which according to James G. Hollandsworth the popular explanation of Goya’s illness is that he was suffering from syphilis. Hollandswoth asserts that after this illness in 1789, Goya’s paintings reflected a harsh, cynical view of the world. However, despite of his illness, Polyxeni Potter noted that Goya was an artist opposite and contradiction and his paintings incites horror and gladness, sadness and other images that made potter to comment that Goya’s imagination harnessed the supernatural into a disturbing display of the insensible and unreasonable. Goya’s allegiance to Spain was questioned in connection to his collaboration with the French. Since this was already discussed above, it is deemed it unnecessary to discuss it further. Conclusion Francisco de Goya’s contribution to arts is now an institution, which benefits sincere students of the arts. Goya was indeed a gifted person whose works can affect a viewer’s mood. His paintings were a powerful reminiscent of the heroism and nationalism of the Spanish people during the Napoleonic era in Spain. Although his motives in some of his paintings were for personal interest, such as that of The Third of May, it was evident that the painting had left a lasting impression on the effect of war to lives and properties, a lesson that must never be forgotten but to be implanted in the minds of every individual. Francisco de Goya may long been gone, but his contribution in the world of arts will continue to live on especially his use of lights and dark colors. Goya’s talent is not only a gift of his own; it is gift for the entire artist, a gift for the entire aspiring artist, and finally, a gift for everyone loves arts. Goya’s â€Å"The Third of May†, reminds us not only of the horrors and of violence of wars but also of courage, heroism, sacrifice. Bibliography Connell, Mary. The Atrocities of War http://www. jmu. edu/evision/archive/volume1/essays/connell. html Court, Kimberly. Goya’s Black Paintings, harsh, but Honest http://www. wsu. edu/~kimander/goyasblackpaintings. htm Gray, Don. Art Essay, Art Criticism Poems http://www. jessieevans. com/essays/essay087. html Hollandsworth, James. The Pschological Disorfers: Ashizophtenia. New York: Springer 1990. Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850, Vol. 2. New York: Fitztoy Dearborn, 2004. Potter, Polyzeni. Emerging Infectious disease http://www. cdc. gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no11/about_cover. htm Voorhies, James. Francisco de Goya 1746-1828 and the Spanish Enlightenment. Metro Politan Museum of Art 2000-2008. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/goya/hd_goya. htm

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay The rapid growth of electronic communication means that issues in information security are of increasing practical importance. Message exchanged over worldwide publicly accessible computer networks must be kept confidential and protected against manipulation. Cryptography provides solutions to all these problems. Cryptography, a word with Greek origins means secret writing. We use the term to refer to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times, cryptography is considered to be a branch of both mathematics and computer science, and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security, and engineering. Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords, electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography. SECURITY GOALS Availability Integrity Confidentiality Security goals CONFIDENTIALITY Confidentiality is probably the most common aspect of information security. We need to protect our confidential information. An organization need to guard those malicious actions that endanger the confidentiality of its information. In the military, concealment of sensitive information is the major concern. In industry, hiding some information from competitors is crucial to the operation of the organization. In banking, customers account need to be kept secret. Confidentiality not only applies to the storage of the information, it also applies to the transmission of information. When we send a piece of information to be stored in a remote computer or when we retrieve a piece of information from a computer, we need to conceal it during transmission. INTEGRITY Information needs to be changed constantly. In a blank, when a customer deposits or with draws money, the balance of her account needs to be changed. Integrity means that changes need to be done only by authorized entities and through authorised mechanisms. Integrity violation is not necessary the result of a malicious act; an interruption in the system, such as a power surge, may also create unwanted changes in some information. AVAILABILITY The third component of information security is availability. The information created and stored by an organization needs to be available to authorized entities. Information is useless if it is not available. Information needs to be constantly changed. Which means it must be accessible to authorised entities. The unavailability of information is just as harmful for an organization as the lack of confidentiality or integrity. Imagine what would happen to a bank if the customers could not access their accounts for transactions. SECURITY SERVICES It is easy to relate one or more of these services to one or more of the security goals. It is easy to see that these services have been designed to prevent the security attacks that we have mentioned. Data confidentiality It is designed to protect data from disclosure attack. The service as defined by X.800 is very broad and encompasses confidentiality of the whole message or part of a message and also protection against traffic analysis. That is, it is designed to prevent snooping and traffic analysis attack. Data integrity It is designed to protect data from the modification, insertion, deletion, and replaying by an adversary. It may protect the whole message or part of the message. Authentication This service provides the authentication of the party at the other end of the line. In connection oriented communication, it provides authentication of the sender or receiver during the connection establishment. In connectionless communication, it authenticates the source of the data. Non repudiation Non repudiation services protects against repudiation by either the sender or the receiver of the data. In non repudiation with proof of the origin, the receiver of the data can later prove the identity of the sender if denied. In non repudiation with proof of delivery, the sender of data can later prove that data were delivered to the intended to the intended recipient. Access control It provides protection against unauthorised access to data. The term access in this definition is very broad and can involve reading, writing, modifying, executing programs, and so on. CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION It is also called as secret key cryptography is a cryptographic technique where the two parties share a secret key. Data are encrypted and decrypted using the same key. The sender encrypts data using the key. Once transmitted, the receiver should use the same key to interpret the message. C:UsersmadhuDesktopsyymm.PNG Figure 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm Symmetric encryption is computationally fast, meaning that it can occur in real time on content that is unknown previously. All securely transmitted live traffic today is encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithms for example such as live telephone conversation, streaming video transmission, high speed data link. Asymmetric Key Encryption In asymmetric key encryption, different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting a message. The asymmetric key algorithms that are most useful are those in which neither key can be made public while the other is kept secure. There are some distinct advantages to this public-key-private-key arrangement, often referred to as public key cryptography; the necessity of distributing secret keys to a large numbers of users is eliminated. And the algorithm can be used for authentications as well as for cryptography. Asymmetric cipher algorithms are based on heavy mathematical operations, thus they are not efficient at processing large blocks of data. They are often used to safely exchange small session keys. C:UsersmadhuDesktopasymm.PNG Figure 2: Asymmetric Encryption Algorithm Cryptanalysis As cryptography is the science and art of creating secret codes, cryptanalysis is the science and art of breaking those codes. In addition to studying cryptography techniques, we also need to study cryptanalysis techniques. This is needed, not to break other peoples codes, but to learn how vulnerable our cryptosystem is. The study of cryptanalysis helps us create better secret codes. There are four common types of cryptanalysis attacks Cryptanalysis attack Chosen ciphertext Chosen plaintext Known plaintext Ciphertext only Figure 4: cryptanalysis attacks Ciphertext Only Attack In ciphertext only attack, Eve has access to only some cipher text. She tries to find out the corresponding key and the plain text. The assumption is that Eve knows the algorithm and can intercept the cipher text. The cipher text only attack is the most probable one because Eve needs only the cipher text for this attack. To thwart the decryption of a message by an adversary, a cipher must be very resisting to this type of attack. Various methods can be used in ciphertext only attack. Brute force attack In the brute force method or exhaustive key search method, Eve tries to use all possible keys. We assume that Eve knows the algorithm and knows the key domain. Using the intercepted cipher, Eve decrypts the cipher text with every possible key until the plain text makes sense. Using brute force attack was a difficult task in the past; it is easier today using a computer. To prevent this type of attack, the number of possible keys must be very large. Statistical attack The cryptanalyst can benefit from some inherent characteristics of the plain text language to launch a statistical attack. For example we know that the letter E is the most frequently used letter in English text. The cryptanalyst finds the mostly used character in the cipher text and assumes that the corresponding plain text character is E. After finding a few pairs, the analyst can find the key and use it to decrypt the message. To prevent this type of attack, the cipher should hide the characteristics of the language. Pattern attack Some ciphers may hide the characteristics of the language, but may create some patterns in the ciphertext. A cryptanalyst may use a pattern attack to break the cipher. Therefore, it is important to use the ciphers that make the ciphertext look as random as possible. Known Plaintext Attack In a known plaintext attack, Eve has access to some plain or ciphertext pairs in addition to the intercepted ciphertext that Eve wants to break. The plain or ciphertext pairs have been collected earlier. Alice has sent a secret message to bob, but Alice later made the contents of the message public. Eve has kept both the cipher and the plaintext to use them to break the next secret message from Alice to Bob, assuming that Alice has not changed her key. Eve uses the relationship between the previous pair to analyze the current ciphertext. The same methods used in the ciphertext-only attack can be applied here. This attack is easier to implement because Eve has more information to us for analysis. However, it is less likely to happen because Alice may have changed her key or may have not disclosed the contents of any previous messages. Chosen Plaintext Attack The chosen plaintext attack is similar to the known plaintext attack, but the plaintext or ciphertext pairs have been chosen by the attacker. This can happen, for example, if Eve has access to Alice computer. She can choose some plaintext and intercept the created ciphertext. Of course, she does not have the key because the key is normally embedded in the software used by the sender. This type of attack is much easier to implement, but it is much less likely to happen. Chosen Ciphertext Attack The chosen ciphertext attack is similar to the chosen plaintext attack, except that the Eve chooses some ciphertext and decrypts it to form a ciphertext or plaintext pair. This can happen if Eve has access to Bobs computer. TRADITIONAL CIPHERS We can divide traditional symmetric key ciphers into two broad categories substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. In a substitution cipher, we replace one symbol in the cipher text with another symbol; in a transposition cipher, we reorder the position of symbols in the plaintext. Substitution ciphers A substitution cipher replaces one symbol with another. If the symbols in the plaintext are alphabetic characters, we replace one character with another. For example, we can replace letter A with letter D, and letter T with letter Z. If the symbols are digits (0 to 9), we can replace 3 with 7, and 2 with 6. Substitution ciphers can be categorized as either monoalphabetic ciphers or polyalphabetic ciphers. Monoalphabetic ciphers We first discuss a group of substitution ciphers called the monoalphabetic ciphers. In monoalphabetic substitution, a character in the plaintext is always changed to the same character in the ciphertext regardless of its position in the text. For example, if the algorithm says that letter A in the plaintext is changed to letter D. In other words, the relationship between letters in the plaintext and the ciphertext is one to one. Example: we use lowercase character to show the plaintext; we use the uppercase characters to show the ciphertext. The cipher is probably the monoalphabetic because both 1s are encrypted as 0s. Plaintext: hello ciphertext: khoor Caesar cipher Caesar cipher is a special case of substitution techniques wherein each alphabet in a message is replaced by an alphabet three places down the line. Caesar cipher is susceptible to a statistical ciphertext only attack. Julius Caesar used this additive cipher to communicate with his officers. For this reason additive ciphers are referred as Caesar cipher. Caesar cipher used a key of 3 for his communications. P a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v w x y z V W X Y Z 21 22 23 24 25 For example: let the message hello is encrypted with the key of 15. Then all the characters in the ciphertext will be shifted from 15. Then the answer is hello= WTAAD Mathematically C (ciphertext) = (P+K) mod 26 (K= key) P (plaintext) = (C-K) mod 26 To encrypt message hello Plaintext h= 7 encryption (7+15)mod 26 C= 22=> W Plaintext e= 4 encryption (4+15)mod 26 C= 19=> T To decrypt WTAAD Ciphertext W=22 decryption (22-15)mod 26 P= 7=>h Ciphertext T=19 decryption (19-15)mod 26 p= 4=>e Cryptanalysis Caesar ciphers are vulnerable to ciphertext only attacks using exhaustive key searches (brute force attack). The key domain of the Caesar cipher is very small; there are only 26 keys. However, one of the keys, zero, is useless (the ciphertext is same as the plaintext). This leaves only 25 possible keys. Eve can easily launch a brute force attack on the ciphertext. Caesar cipher using cryptool Working the same example using cryptool, first of all, to acquaint ourselves with the Caesar encryption algorithm we will open a document, encrypt it and then decrypt it again. We will then try to get the computer to work out the key with which a plaintext is encrypted. This plaintext document is encrypted using the Caesar encryption algorithm by selecting the menu crypt/decrypt. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaseaer 5.PNG Then the following dialog box appears. The key we enter is the number 15. Additionally, we change the options how to interpret the alphabet characters. The first alphabet character is set to 1 (if we set the character to 0 and use A as key, then the resulting ciphertext is the same as the plaintext). C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 3.PNG Clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. It becomes apparent that the letters have been shifted by 15 positions. So the word hello, is now wtaad C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaeser 6.PNG The plaintext version of this encrypted document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt again. In this dialog box which appears we now enter the key with which the document was encrypted (15). This time it has to be decrypted so decrypt button must be selected. Now the next step is to find the key using cryptanalysis. The plaintext window is made active by clicking on it. Now the entropy is selected via the menu selection Analysis/General/Entropy) C:UsersmadhuDesktopentropy.PNG Now the frequency distribution of the letters is calculated. The histogram of the encrypted document letter frequencies have been shifted by 15 positions. That means the encryption algorithm is not secure. Moreover Z shifts the text by 26 positions so that the encrypted text is actually identical with the unencrypted text. Hence there are really only 25 keys. The Caesar encryption algorithm can be broken easily by a ciphertext only attack. To perform such an attack, restore the window containing the encrypted text to the window and select Analysis/ciphertext only/ Caesar. The text will automatically be analyzed. By analyzing the superposition it is possible to discover the key which was used to encrypt this document. In this case it was the letter P. When the decrypt button is clicked the plaintext appears, i.e. the text that has been decrypted with the key p that was discovered. So the cryptool successfully found the key with which the document has been encrypted. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 8.PNG Analysis of Caesar Cipher Advantages Very easy to use The encryption and decryption can be done very quickly Disadvantages The encryption and decryption algorithms are known There are only 25 keys to try The language of the plaintext is known and easily recognizable. Applications It was used biblical times can be found on the back of Mezuzah where it encrypts the name of the god. During the First World War the Russian army used this method to relay messages to troops. It is used as an application in the Android version 1.4.0 Polyalphabetic Cipher In polyalphabetic substitution, each occurrence of a character may have a different substitute. The relationship between characters in the plaintext to a character in the ciphertext is one-to-many. For example, a could be enciphered as D in the beginning of the text, but as N at the middle. Polyalphabetic ciphers have the advantage of hiding the letter frequency of the underlying language. Eve cannot use single letter frequency statistic to break the ciphertext. To create a polyalphabetic cipher, we need to make each ciphertext character dependent on both the corresponding plaintext character and the position of the plaintext character in the message. This implies that our key should be stream of subkeys, in which each subkey depends somehow on the position of the plaintext character that uses that subkey for encipherment. In other words, we need to have a key stream k= (k1,k2,k3.) in which ki is used to encipher the ith character in the plaintext to create the ith character in the ciphertext. Playfair Cipher Playfair cipher is the example of polyalphabetic cipher. The secret key in this cipher is made of 25 alphabet letters arranged in a 55 matrix (letters I and J are considered the same when encrypting). Different arrangements of the letters in the matrix can create many different secret keys. One of the possible arrangements is shown below L G D B A Q M H E C U R N I/J F X V S O K Z Y W T P Before encryption, if the two letters in a pair are the same, a bogus letter is inserted to separate them. After inserting bogus letters, if the number of characters in the plaintext is odd, one extra bogus character is added at the end to make the number of characters even. The cipher uses three rules for encryption If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the next letter to the right in the same row (with wrapping to the beginning of the row if the plaintext letter is the last character in the row). If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the letter beneath it in the same column (with wrapping to the beginning of the column if the plaintext letter is the last character in the column). If the two letters in a pair are not in the same row or column of the secret, the corresponding encrypted for each letter is a letter that is in its own row but in the same column as the other letter. The playfair cipher meets the criteria for a polyalphabetic cipher. The key is a stream of subkeys in which the subkeys are created two at a time. In playfair cipher, the key stream and the cipher stream are the same. This means that the above mentioned rules can be thought of as the rules for creating the key stream. The encryption algorithm takes a pair of characters from plaintext and creates a pair of subkeys by following the above mentioned rules. We can say that the key stream depends on the position of the character in the plaintext. Position dependency has a different interpretation here the subkey for each plaintext character depends on the next previously neighbour. If P= P1, P2, P3 C= C1, C2, C3. K= [(k1, k2), (k3, k4) ] Encryption: Ci = ki Decryption: Pi = ki Example: keyword is PLAYFAIR P L A Y F I R E X M B C D G H J K N O S T U V W Z ENCRYPT: hide the gold underground plaintext HI DE TH EG OL DU ND ER GR OU ND ciphertext BM ND ZB XD KY CV VN XE CX KW VN DECRYPT: DMYRYKEVGHWGNGPXM ciphertext DM YR YK EV GH WG NG GP XM plaintext HE LX LO AN DG OX OD BY EX Message: Hello and Goodbye. Cryptanalysis of a Playfair Cipher Brute force attack on a playfair cipher is very difficult. The size of the key domain is 25! (Factorial 25). In addition, the encipherment hides the single letter frequency of the characters. However, the frequencies of diagrams are preserved. So a cryptanalyst can use a ciphertext-only attack based on the diagram frequency test to find a key. Analysis of playfair Advantages The main advantage of the system is it robs a cryptanalyst as they are no longer looking for recurring encoding as in an letter e can be encrypted as different letter each time. Playfair was long time considerably unbreakable. There are 26 letters so it is 26*26=676 diagrams which are quiet difficult to break. Disadvantages Still leaves much of the language structure Frequency distribution of letters Few 100s of ciphertext letters are enough for cryptanalysis. Applications Playfair cipher was used by British army during World War 1. When John F. Kennedys PT-109 was sunk by a Japanese controlled plum pudding island and was able to send an emergency message in playfair from an allied coast watchers hut to arrange the rescue of the survivors from his crew. Playfair crossword by Beetlejuice is an example puzzle using playfair as a gimmick. Vigenere Cipher Vigenere cipher made an immediate success as a field cipher. This type of polyalphabetic cipher was designed by Blaise de Vigenere, a sixteenth century French mathematician. A vigenere cipher uses a different strategy to create the key stream. The key stream is a repetition of an initial secret key stream of length m, where we have 1 P= p1p2p3.. C= c1c2c3 K= [(k1,k2,k3km),(k1,k2,k3km),] Encryption: Ci= Pi+Ki Decryption: Pi= Ci-Ki One important difference between the vigenere cipher and the other polyalphabetic ciphers is that the vigenere cipher key stream does not depend on the plaintext characters; it depends only on the position of the character in the plaintext. In other words the key stream can be created without knowing what the plaintext is. Example mathematically She is listening this message should be encrypted using the keyword PASCAL. plaintext s h e i s l i s t e n i n g P values 18 7 4 8 18 11 8 18 19 4 13 8 13 6 key 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 C values 7 7 22 10 18 22 23 18 11 6 13 19 2 6 Ciphertext H H W K S W X S L G N T C G Another way to look at viginere ciphers is through what is called a Vigenere Tableau. The first row shows the plaintext character to be encrypted. The first column contains the characters to be used by the key. The rest of the tableau shows the ciphertext characters. To find the ciphertext for the plaintext she is listening using the word pascal as the key, we can find s in the first row, p in the first column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. We can find h in the first row and A in the second column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. The same method should be followed until all the ciphertext characters are found. C:UsersmadhuDesktoptable.PNG Vigenere Tableau Cryptanalysis of Vigenere Cipher Vigenere ciphers do not preserve the frequency of characters. The cryptanalysis here consists of two parts for finding out the length of the key and finding the key itself. Several methods has been devised to find the length of the key but one method called kaisiski test, the cryptanalysis searches for repeated text segments, of atleast three characters, in the ciphertext. Suppose that two of the segments are found and the distance between them is d. The cryptanalyst assumes that d/m where m is the key length. If more repeated segments with distances d1,d2,d3.dn then gcd (d1,d2,d3,..dn)/m. This assumption is logical because if two characters are the same are k*m (k= 1,2,) characters part in the ciphertext. Cryptanalyst uses segment of at least three characters to avoid the cases where the character in the key are not distinct. After the length of the key is found, the cryptanalyst uses the idea of dividing the ciphertext into m different pieces and applies the method used to crypt analyze the additive cipher, including the frequency attack. Each ciphertext piece can be decrypted and put together to create the whole plaintext. Vigenere Cipher Using Cryptool To perform vigenere cipher encryption a new document is opened and then the encryption and decryption is performed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin1.PNG This plaintext document is encrypted using the vigenere encryption algorithm by selecting the keys crypt/decrypt/vigenere following which another dialog box appears. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin2.PNG The plaintext of this document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt/vigenere. In the dialog box which appears then where the key with which the document was encrypted. This time the document is to be decrypted. Therefore the decrypt button must be selected. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the plaintext document appears immediately. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin4.PNG To find the key with which the document was encrypted. Restore the encrypted document window and then select analysis/ciphertext only/vigenere, following with which the text will automatically be analyzed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin5.PNG It is possible to work out the key length from the regular peaks in the autocorrelation. It is correctly calculated at 6 characters. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin6.PNG When the continue button is clicked, another dialog box opens to display the key that has been computed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin7.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the dialog box disappears and another window opens which contains the plaintext. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin8.PNG Hill Cipher Hill cipher is invented by Lester S. Hill. This polyalphabetic cipher divides the plaintext into equal size blocks. The encrypted one at a time in such a way that each character in the block contributes to the encryption of other characters in the block. Hill cipher belongs to the category of ciphers called block ciphers. C1= (+ + ) mod 26 C2= (+ + ) mod 26 C3= (+ + ) mod 26 The encryption algorithm takes m successive plaintext letters and substitute for them m ciphertext letter. The substitution is determined by m linear equations in which each character is assigned a numerical value (a=0, b=1,c=2, ..z=25). This can be expressed in terms of column vectors and matrices = mod 26 C = KP mod 26 where C and P are column vectors representing the plaintext and ciphertext. K is the encrypting key. Example for Hill Cipher: Plaintext: pay more money Key (K) = C = KP mod 26 = mod 26 = = LNS For plaintext pay, ciphertext is LNS. The entire ciphertext is LNSHDLEWMTRW. For the decryption of the hill cipher is done using the inverse of the matrix K. Cryptanalysis of Hill Cipher Ciphertext-only attack on hill cipher is difficult. Even brute force attack on a hill cipher is extremely difficult because the key is an m*m matrix. Each entry in the matrix can have one of the 26 values. At first glance, this means that the size of the key domain is. Secondly the hill ciphers do not preserve the statistics of the plaintext. Frequency analysis cannot be run on single letters, diagrams and trigrams. A frequency analysis of words of size m might work, but this is very rare that a plaintext has many strings of size m that are the same.

Christo And Jean Claude Cultural Studies Essay

Christo And Jean Claude Cultural Studies Essay Christo and Jeanne-Claude have many interesting pieces of work ranging from their first Documenta 4 to The Gates. I will be covering some of their major works; such as, Wrapped Coast, Valley Curtain, Running Fence, Surrounded Islands, Reichstag, and The Gates. I have always enjoyed big installations because the work has always astounded me; the sheer size of the pieces is amazing. Close to the end of 1969, Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the coast of Little Bay, in Sydney, Australia, as a part of the Alcorso-Sekers Travelling Scholarship. With the support of the John Kaldor, this was their first trip to Australia for international artists, and the first in the series of Kaldor Public Art Projects. One hundred workers and eleven volunteers devoted over seventeen thousand work hours to make this project a reality. They wrapped two and a half kilometers of coast and cliffs up to twenty-six meters high. Ninety-five thousand six hundred m^2 of synthetic fabric and 56 km of rope was required to finish this astounding project. At the time, it was the single largest piece of art ever made. This project was bigger than Mount Rushmore, and it visitors took over an hour to walk from one end of the piece to the other. Reactions were largely positive and had a very large impact on Australian art. The Valley Curtain art project was started with preparations at the end of the 1970s. This project was a four hundred meter long cloth stretched across Rifle Gap. Rifle Gap is a valley in the Rocky Mountains near Rifle, Colorado. It required about fourteen thousand m^2 of cloth to be hung on four steel cables, fastened with iron, and fixed in concrete on the slopes and two hundred tons of concrete. This project cost over $400,000. Trying to finance this huge piece was an additional problem, and it caused them to sell some of their other works to raise the money. On October 10, 1971, the curtain was ready for hanging. Unfortunately, the curtain had been torn to pieces by the wind beating it against the rocks. On August 10th of the next year, the second attempt to hang the cloth was a success. Unfortunately, only a day later, it was destroyed by a storm with winds reaching speeds in excess of sixty miles per hour. The Running Fence was completed on September 10, 1976. The workers waited fourteen days, but then they removed everything, leaving not a trace. This piece consisted of a fence almost twenty-five miles long, extending across the hills of Sonoma and Marin counties in northern California. This fence was eighteen feet high and was composed of two thousand and fifty panels of white nylon fabric hung from steel cables by the means of three hundred fifty thousand hooks. Supporting these hooks where about two thousand steel poles stuck into the ground and being braced by steel guide wires that were anchored to the ground. This piece began near U.S. Highway 101 and crossed fourteen roads, the private properties of fifty-nine ranchers to reach the Bodega Bay of the Pacific Ocean. The environmental impact report that was required for this gigantic piece was an astounding four hundred and fifty pages long. This piece is said to have been partly inspired by fences demarcating the Continental Divi de in Colorado. In 1978, a documentary film Running Fence by Albert and David Maysles, told the story of this piece. This film includes scenes showing the local response to the project, which ranged from active protest and resentment to excitement. Byron Randall, the expressionist painter, protested the piece on the grounds of both land infringement and lack of artistic merit; however, others appreciated the beauty of the work, and in the end the project was completed. This piece is commemorated by historic markers at Watson School near Bodega, California, and State Route 1 in Valley Ford, California. In December 1976, the country landmarks commission, county of Sonoma designated the Valley Ford site as Historic landmark number twenty-four. Jeanne-Claudes idea to surround eleven islands in Miamis Biscayne Bay was completed on May 4, 1983. It was completed with the aid of four hundred and thirty workers, and was there for two whole weeks. About six hundred thousand m^2 of pink polypropylene floating fabric surrounded the eleven islands was definitely a site to behold. Surrounded Islands covered over 7 miles, and for two weeks, it was seen and enjoyed by the public, from the causeways, the land, water, and air. The bright pink color of the shiny fabric was in tune with the tropical vegetation of the uninhabited verdant island, the light of the Miami sky, and colors of the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay. As with Christo and Jeanne-Claudes previous art projects, Surrounded Islands was entirely financed by the artists through the sale by C.V.J. Corporation of the preparatory pastel and charcoal drawings, collages, lithographs, and early works. On May 4, 1983, out of a total work force of four hundred and thirty people, the u nfurling crew began to blossom the pink fabric. Surrounded Islands was tended to day and night by one hundred and twenty monitors in inflatable boats. Surrounded Islands was a work of art that underlined the various elements and ways in which the people of Miami live between land and water. The project known as Reichstag is easily one of the biggest endeavors Christo and Jeanne-Clade has accomplished, and in my opinion, it is also one of the best. With the support of the President of the Parliament, Rita Sussmuth, Christo and Jeanne-Claude worked to convince the elected Members of Parliament. They went from office to office, writing explanatory letters to each of the six hundred and sixty-two delegates, and innumerable telephone calls and negotiations. On February 25, 1995, after a seventy minute debate at the Parliament, and a Roll Call vote, the Bundestag allowed the project to go ahead. The Bonn government was so enthusiastic about the artwork that Christo and Jeanne-Claude were asked to extend the project. However, since all of their art projects are temporary, this was not possible. The building was unwrapped again on July 7 as planned. Christo explained during a training session for the monitors, Temporary because it challenges our notion of art to challenge the i mmortality of art. We make art not out of gold, silver or marble and think it would stay forever. Non-permanent art will be missedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also, the artwork cannot stay because it expresses freedom, poetic freedom all projects are about freedom. This project cannot be bought or sold, nobody can charge, can sell tickets. Freedom is the enemy of possession (Hammerstingl). The Wrapper began on June 17, 1995, and it was finished on the 24th. The spectacle was seen by five million visitors before the unveiling began on July 7th. Two times more material was used than was needed, which allowed deep vertical pleats that cascaded down. Because there is always some wind around the Reichstag, the wind was playing with the pleats of the fabric, causing a quiet movement. The color of the fabric and the many deep vertical pleats created a dramatic contrast between light and shadow. This shape transformed the building into a new form. The wrapping of the Reichstag was like building a building, says Christo (Hammerstingl). At a press conference, a reporter from a Jerusalem newspaper asked the artists if they would wrap the Knesset, The Reichstag is the third and last building we wrapped. We have too many other projects to do. We cannot always wrap buildings. Otherwise we would be called the wrappers, Jeanne-Claude answered (Hammerstingl). This project cost $13,000, 000, everything financed by the artists themselves through selling their drawings, collages, and scale models of their projects. All projects are inspired through personal ideas that give the freedom of the work. Freedom, because when it comes down to it, does not have to be justified explains Christo. (Hammerstingl). The last project we will be discussing is The Gates. On January 3, 2005, work began on the installation of The Gates in Central Park in New York City. The official title of the piece is The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979-2005. The title references the time that passed from their initial proposal until they were able to go ahead with it. Only with the permission of the new mayor of New York, Michael R. Bloomberg, were they able to proceed. It was open to the public only from February 12th until February 27th 2005. Seven thousand five hundred and three gates made of saffron color fabric were placed on paths in Central Park. It was five meters high and had a combined length of 37 km. Bloomberg, a fan of Christo and Jeanne-Claude, presented them with the Doris C. Freedman Award for Public Art for The Gates. They often expressed satisfaction that their concept for their home town of over thirty years was finally realized. An article covering this piece states, The cost of the project was $21 million US dollars which was raised entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude selling studies, drawings,  collages, works from the 1950s and 1960s. They do not accept any sponsorship, nor did the city of New York have to provide any money for the project. Christo and Jeanne-Claude donated all the money raised from the sale of souvenirs such as postcards, t-shirts and posters to Nurture New Yorks Nature, Inc. While the engineering, manufacturing and set-up took over a year, about 750 paid employees erected the project in five days and then deployed the fabric of all the gates in half an hour. Around 600 more (Gate-keepers) distributed 1 million free samples of the fabric to visitors. The uniformed Gate-keepers also provided information to visitors about the project, and were responsible for unrolling the gates that had rolled over their crossbars in the high wind.   More workers uninstalled the project in one week, leaving almost no trace and shipping all the materials for r ecycling (Wikipedia). From the pictures with the snow and the vivid color of the gates are a very good contrast of color and the way they seem to jump out against the snow. The pictures arent a great representation of the work, but since their art is temporary, it is the best we can do without being in that certain time and place. This piece is simple in its design, difficult in its realization, and astounding. A little about the artists, Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958, when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Precilda de Guillebon. They had a son together who was born May 11, 1960. Jeanne-Claudes parents were displeased with their relationship, particularly because of Christos refugee status, so they temporarily estranged themselves from their daughter. In 1964, they moved to New York City, poor and lacking fluency in the English language, Christo displayed his work in several galleries, including the well-known Castelli Gallery in New York, and gallery Schmela in Dusseldorf, Germany. Christo Began to create Store Fronts, which he built to scale. The sale of the Store Fronts helped finance larger projects. They have won many, many awards for their art. In 1973, they were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. In 2004, they won an Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award, International Sculpture Center, from Hamilton, New Jersey. In 2005, they were awarded the Doris C. Freedman Award for Public Art by New Yorks mayor. In 2006, they were awarded the Best Project in a Public Space for The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979-2005. In 2008, they were awarded honorary degrees from Franklin Marshall College. Finally, in 2011, they were awarded more honorary degrees from Occidental College. In closing, Christo and Jeanne-Claude are some of my favorite artists. They have amazing vision for what they want to do in each of their pieces. They dont stop trying for something; for example, The Gates which took 30 years to finally finish. They are, to me, some of the best installation and temporary artists. Their technics may be simple, but it is amazing. They are so popular that in 1978, Charles M. Schulz drew an episode of the show Peanuts where Snoopys doghouse is wrapped in fabric by Christo. In response, Christo constructed a wrapped doghouse and presented it to the Charles M. Schulz Museum in 2003. You cant say enough about what they do, or their drive to do accomplish it. Most people would have given up on their many projects, but they completing them only because of their tenacity and drive to get what they needed done. Theres something to be learned from these two; such as, no matter the odds, or what is put against you, if you never give up, you can and will succeed. Also, staying with the person you love can lead to a tough but fulfilling life. Christo and Jeanne-Claude are one of, maybe even the best, temporary installation types of artists. Work Cited Paul F. Fabozzi. Artists, Critics, Context: Readings in and Around American Art since 1945. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2002. Werner Hammerstingl. Installation Art. www.Olinda.com. 1998. http://www.olinda.com/ArtAndIdeas/lectures/christo.htm. Wikipedia. Christo and Jeanne-Claude www.wikipedia.com. Dec. 3, 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude

The Physics of the Curve Ball :: Physics Research Papers

The Physics of the Curve Ball Dad said that one of these days I would figure it out, but to this day I am still clueless. I have always been able to throw a decent curve ball; you don’t just throw 6 one hit games in your high school career without one. I have always wondered why and how the ball curves through the air, and it wasn’t until now that I have really had the chance to research a topic that has puzzled me for so long. I would bet that even pitchers in the â€Å"Big show† don’t know how or why, but they obviously have the talent and ability. I don’t know when the first curveball was thrown or who threw it, but there is a lot of controversy out there about whether or not the curveball really exists. The only forces on the curveball were thought to be gravity and air resistance, ( ). So obviously, the path of the â€Å"curveball† was just an illusion, because the effects of gravity pulled the ball toward the ground, at 9.8 meters/squared seconds, as soon as the ball left the pitcher’s finger tips, and the air drag is just the force acting in the opposite direction slowing the ball as soon as the ball is hurled from the same point mentioned above. Concluding that the ball does not curve; the ball just follows the path of expected projectile motion. Even as technology presents itself, scientists have been able to show step by step, strobe photos of a curve ball and conclude that the curveball was just an optical illusion( ). I have to admit that I have seen this illusive curveball many, many times. Believe me, I know because I have been punched out by the umpire on a called strike three because I was just standing there like a deer caught in the headlights with my thumb up my, you know what, as the ball goes right by. I am not happy about being just another statistic in the score books, as I have been fooled by the â€Å"junk† as some in the game would call that pitch. But I do know one thing, there is no illusion there. As you are up to the plate, battling a pitcher with a good curveball, you know that the pitch coming right at you will get you to first base with a good feeling that you are a base runner instead of a strike out victim.

Mondavi’s Strategy, Success, Threats, and Risks Essay -- Business Mana

Mondavi’s Strategy, Success, Threats, and Risks Bargaining Power of Supplier: Necessary products to make the wine e.g. grapes are easily available that allows Mondavi to have a considerable amount of choice to choose and keep their costs and expenses. Threat of Substitutes: There are a significant number of replacements for the Mondavi’s product that includes beer, wine coolers, spirits, and various other drinks. Threat of New Entrants: The wine industry is undergoing consolidation. Even several beer and spirits companies were moving toward the wine industry, which was growing more and more. Current Competitors: Mondavi wine has many different competitors from small size to large wine companies. There are lot different factors involves when considering a market segment. The quality of the wine, design of bottle, labeling can have a significant impact on consumer’s choice. And on the top of that cost will also play important role. Bargaining Power of Buyer: Mondavi usually distribute their product through distributors and wholesalers. There were few distributors who cover most of the markets. As there were just handful distributors, they hold a majority of bargaining power in the company. Why has Mondavi been successful to date? * Widely credited as America’s first premium commercial Winery. * Established as one of America’s most innovative and highest quality vintners. * First winery in the world to use refrigerated stainless steel fermentation to retain ...

What Sustainability Issues Will Arise from the Large Scale?

What sustainability issues will arise from the large scale adoption of electric cars? With the recent introduction of the electric car into Ireland, I am going to outline some of the sustainability issues that will arise from their large scale adoption. The car has already received backing by the government who have recently announced their plans for the induction and eventual change over to electrically powered vehicles. What is an Electric Car? An electric car, is a vehicle which like the typical cars seen throughout the world, has four wheels, doors, windows and a roof.The difference between the typical common car and the electric car, comes when you look at the power source, in the common car an Internal Combustion Engine is used to convert fuel (generally unsustainable fossil fuels like diesel or petrol) to mechanical energy, the Electric Car uses electric motors powered by batteries or an onboard fuel cell. The common car with its Internal Combustion Engine has advantages and d isadvantages; the cost to purchase a car with an internal combustion engine compared to an electric car is lower, as there is the ability to mass produce a product which is still in huge demand.In today’s world oil derived fuel is accessible and relatively cheap to the consumer, as the infrastructure is already set up to enable the simple and quick refuelling of the car. The negative side to the common car is the fuel which it used, all of the fuels for Internal Combustion engines are derived from oil. The worldwide production of oil has peaked and oil production is now dwindling, this is not easily seen by the consumer purchasing the fuel who might be oblivious to the fact.With an increasing demand for oil and an ever decreasing supply it is becoming more and more difficult and expensive to produce oil which is useable, oil is now so valuable that there are wars over supplies. Another negative side to the Internal Combustion engine is its inability to convert the energy from the fuel into usable mechanical energy, during the combustion process the fuel is converted to useable mechanical energy but there is also heat and noise energy given off, this is an unwanted waste of fuel.The issue of harmful gas emissions when the oil fuel is burned is another major downfall with the Internal Combustion engine, as when the fuel is combusted it releases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide as well as hydro carbons and ozone. Some of these gases are toxic and harmful to humans but the big issue is with the carbon dioxide emissions, as it contributes to global warming or â€Å"the duvet effect† which is an ongoing problem throughout the world.Transport powered by fossil fuels is responsible for 20% of Carbon Dioxide emissions worldwide. It is the sustainability issues of the common car’s Internal Combustion engine which sparked the need for the development of a new way to travel, the electric car which has come out on the top of the list for new more sus tainable transport methods. Different types of Electric cars An electric car is a vehicle that is powered by simple electric motors, how the electricity to run the motor is created or stored can vary.The most common type of electric car is one which has a large or a number of smaller batteries which stores electricity from an external power supply, generally the mains electricity grid. The other more sustainable type of electric car is one with an onboard power station, capable of producing its own electricity. A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen to produce electricity through the process of electrolysis, the combination of hydrogen and oxygen creates an electric current and gives off a by-product of water.As hydrogen is the most abundant element on earth, there is a sustainable supply of fuel, the only problem with hydrogen is the difficulty faced when harnessing and storing the fuel. Hydrogen generally comes bonded to other elements; this chemical bond is difficult to break, after harnessing the pure hydrogen it has to be pressurised and turned into a liquid for easy transportation. Although the process seems complicated it is no more complex than extracting oil from the sea bed, which is being done on a daily basis to fuel the Internal Combustion engines already on the roads today.The hydrogen fuel is similar to petrol or diesel, it is a liquid when put under pressure. The pressure is the other problem with hydrogen, but with simple modifications the infrastructure already in place for existing fuels like petrol and diesel, the hydrogen fuel could become main stream without difficulty and relatively quickly. Government Plans: New charging points, at parking spaces The Irish Government announced their campaign for the future, they plan to have 10% of all cars powered electrically by the year 2020.The 10% target was first announced in the Carbon Budget, presented by Minister for the Environment John Gormley in October 2008. In order to make this a viable plan the Government have collaborated with the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) and have developed a simple way of charging (refuelling) the battery powered electric car away from home, as the battery will lose its charge after a long journey leaving the driver with no way home. The charging points are small, American style parking meter design which the car is simply parked beside and plugged in left to charge.The first four of these charging points have been set up in Dublin and unveiled by the ESB in March 2010, a further 1500 charging points are due to be put in place in Dublin, Limerick, Galway, Cork and Waterford. The Government see it as their priority to have these charge points throughout the country, unlike other countries who just seem to focus only on the big cities which are densely populated, their plan includes the immediate inclusion of all towns with a population of over 1500 people, with the expectation for nationwide coverage after the success of the initial phase.The ch arge points will come in different types, varying in power rating which affects charge times. The higher power charge points are expected to charge a battery in 20 minutes; these high power points are to be set up to replace filling stations along side motorways for â€Å"in journey charging† e. g. driving from Dublin to Cork. These high power â€Å"juice points† are expected to be put in place every 60km. The mid range points give a 2-3 hour charge, and will be placed at typical parking places e. g. charge while shopping or at work.The standard charge point with similar power to the standard socket found in the home, charge time at lower power should take 6-8 hours e. g. overnight charging at home. The Government expects to have 2000 electrically powered cars on the roads by 2011, and are implementing tax breaks for enthusiasts who purchase the more sustainable and environmentally friendly electric cars; there will be a grant of up to â‚ ¬5000 and also Vehicle Regi stration Tax (VRT) excluded, this combined with road tax exclusion would bring the electric car price down low enough to compete with the price of the common car with its Internal Combustion Engine.The grant aids will be in place for a maximum of 6000 cars, after which the scheme to get the high efficient cars on our roads would be seen as a success. With these tax breaks, a tax shortfall is foreseeable, combined with an expected cost of â‚ ¬39m to subsidise the first 2000 cars. The cars set for the Irish market come from Renault-Nissan, which limits the choice to a small number of cars. The Renault Fluence(left) and the Nissan Leaf (right) are the two models set for the Irish market, drastically reducing the choice which the consumer is used to.Renault is leasing the battery which powers the car for a price of â‚ ¬100 per month, whereas Nissan are still not sure if they are even going to include the battery in the price of the car. This will reduce the attractiveness of the c ars, and further increase the costs. Production of the electricity to power the cars In order to make the Electric Car sustainable, the electricity used to charge the battery would have to come from a sustainable and clean source. Ireland’s electricity at the moment comes from a range of power stations, with only 11% of the electricity coming from renewable sources.The majority of the country’s electricity comes from dirty unsustainable fossil fuelled power stations. This unsustainable electricity would be supplying the power to recharge the batteries of the electrically powered cars, which would eliminate the some benefits of carbon neutrality from the electric car. This table shows where all of Ireland’s electricity comes from; in order for the electric car to be a complete success the supply of electricity must also be sustainable.The electric car company Tesla say that in the worst case scenario the car would only be producing 80g/km of CO2, even with the el ectricity coming from inefficient source, which is still lower than the most efficient Internal Combustion Engines available today. With Irelands high potential for wind energy production soon to be further exploited, the conversion from oil fuel to electrical could be seen as a change to self-sufficiency, not having to rely on ever declining supplies from the east.Effect of batteries, lifespan and replacement. In a conventional Internal Combustion Engine there are over 1000 moving parts, making it susceptible to break down or fail. In order to keep these types of engine in good working order, regular servicing and maintenance has to take place. In the electric car their drive train is a simple electric induction motor which has only one moving part which greatly reduces the need for servicing and lowers maintenance costs.The batteries used in electric cars vary greatly depending on the size and weight of the car, a modern lightweight ZEBRA battery which makes use of new technologie s and ideas, is one type being used in a range of vehicles. A ZEBRA battery of 0. 12m3 and 184kg is capable of delivering double the energy of the old lead-acid battery of 0. 19m3 and 525kg; this enables the car to be lighter which reduces the amount of energy needed to make the car move.The ZEBRA battery has been thoroughly tested and demonstrated a lifespan of over 14 years, with no gassing or self discharge; this means the battery is maintenance free. Lithium Exports in 2008 Lithium Imports in 2008 Lithium production in the future The sustainability of the Lithium in the batteries is another issue which will have to be faced when considering the large scale adoption of electric cars. Lithium is already in high demand to power the many million mobile phone and laptop batteries in use around the world.Japan, China and South Korea have 98% of the worlds Lithium battery production. China is importing almost half of the raw Lithium with a plan to produce their own when the demand is t here; they feel that it is still cheaper and easier to import it presently. The huge demand for Lithium has sparked the need for research into new alternative ways of producing it. South Korea has announced its plans to commercially extract Lithium from sea water by 2015, but there is much doubt around the idea, as there is not enough demand to cover the enormous cost of desalinising huge volumes of sea water.The idea of extracting the Lithium from the sea water could become mainstream in a number of years when the consumers demand increases. Seoul has also set aside $12bn for attainment of the raw materials from Bolivia, which is believed to have the world’s biggest deposits at the â€Å"Salar de Uyuni† salt flats in the Altiplano plateau of the Andes Mountains. The salt flats have a thick crust of salt which covers a pool of brine, which is rich in lithium. It is expected to contain 50 to 70% of the world's lithium reserves.Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America but has over half of the world’s reserve of Lithium; the extraction of the raw material could be the boost which the countries needs. The production of the Lithium would create employment for local communities, and revenue for the country giving improving the country’s economy. Often times with the extraction of raw materials, as seen worldwide, it is only the companies who see the profits, leaving the local communities out.The local flora and fauna is often exploited and driven out of their habitat, which can lead to extinction. Although the salt flats are almost lifeless there are some animals and plant life which frequent the area, Flamingos are one of the birds which use the flats as a breeding ground in early winter, these extravagant birds which get their beautiful colour from the food they eat which are native to the salt flats. Many of the dominant countries have already allocated vast amounts of money to secure a steady supply of Lithium by buyin g into Bolivia reserves.Piles of Salt after extraction Salty brine from which the Lithium is extracted The Bolivian flag flying above Salt flats Alternatives to Lithium New studies being conducted, have found that Zinc-Air battery technology is proving to be a viable alternative to Lithium Ion batteries. The Zinc-Air idea is in early stages of development and production, and is expected to enter the market on small scale in products like hearing-aids; if it proves successful there are plans in place to upscale the technology to mobile hones and laptops and further to electric cars. The research so far has brought about some promising findings for the Zinc-Air technologies; it has the potential to deliver three times the power of the Lithium Ion battery, with reduced size and weight. Lithium-Air is another technology with expected potential for electric cars, but is only in early stages of development and won’t be ready for large scale production in the near future. Performanc e, Maintenance of the engine, and lifespanThe electric car, unlike its predecessor with hundreds of parts, makes use of simple electric motors with only one moving part. This greatly reduces the amount of expected problems. The car itself will need maintenance, tyres and lights etc. Retraining the mechanics- The mechanics already trained to service and maintain common cars, would need their qualifications upgraded to deal with the electronics of the electronic car. Although the technology in the battery powered cars is straightforward, some further training would be needed to ensure the safe maintenance of electrical equipment.Appearance/Types- Performance- Standard internal combustion engine cars are rated with bhp and torque whereas the electric motor has a kWh rating, but they are related. The prejudice connected with the electric cars, is that they are slow and won’t be able to do all of the things typical oil fuelled engines can do. With the electric motor delivering all of its torque all of the time acceleration is no problem, 0-100km in 3. 7s faster than a petrol guzzling Porshe 911 GT-3. Peoples trust in the new technologyWith all new technologies comes doubt, people are often afraid of change and feel that things need time to prove themselves. The technology used in the electric vehicle has been around for decades seen as early as 1835 used in public transport. Over the years has become more refined and efficient, it has now switched its focus from public transport, where it is already in use, to the individual types of transport which causes so much pollution 20%-25% of CO2 emissions. The electric car is therefore not new technology as the base on which it has been developed has been in use for already.This proving time should enable the immediate adoption of the electric car as there should be no prejudice. Tesla’s flagship, high performance roadster Tesla model S, 2012 family saloon Disposal of cars when finished, how much can be recy cled The battery in Tesla’s electric car have a long lifespan of 160,000 kilometres before it begins to lose its ability to charge and discharge at the efficiency needed to keep the high up the cars high performance. The cells for the Tesla battery are made in Japan, where the environmental laws are strict and products have to meet the RoHS standards.The RoHS bans the placing on the EU market of new electrical and electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. This means that there are no heavy metals or toxic materials allowing the battery to be land filled in a worst case scenario. Tesla batteries can be reused in other less demanding applications, off grid storage or load levelling when the demand for electricity is low but it is still production.This is a huge problem faced by power stations as there is huge costs involved chang ing power output between peak times. The batteries will eventually lose their ability to hold charge completely, at this stage they will need to be disposed of. Specialist companies have been set up to recycle batteries from electric vehicles, Kinsbursky Brothers an environmental management company and Toxco the world’s largest recycler of lithium batteries have teamed up to form the most efficient recycler of electric cars. The batteries are shredded and separated into their original elements, some of which can be reused in new batteries and other products.

Are you writing a dissertation? Essay

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